ABSTRACT
Different explants of fenugreek, T. foenum-graecum L. (Var. RMt-303), were compared for their callus induction and subsequent shoot regeneration capabilities on Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with different phytohormones in varying concentration. The highest percentage of callus induction frequency was observed in 1ppm benzylaminopurine (BAP). Maximum shoots were induced on media supplemented with 0.5ppm BAP using leaf and stem tissues as explants. However, root tissues showed only callusing with no subsequent shooting. Cotyledonary node responded better than hypocotyls in terms of shoot induction on media supplemented with thidiazuron (0.1ppm). The callus was subjected to drought stress as simulated by reduced water potential of growth media due to addition of mannitol. Calli could withstand -2 MPa water potential till 30 days indicating that the drought stress tolerance mechanisms are functional in this variety. Chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll, proline and total phenolic contents, total peroxidase and catalase activities increased under stress conditions suggesting the tolerance of callus to drought stress. However, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase activities were found to decrease slightly. Malondialdehyde and H2O2 contents were found to decrease while only a slight disturbance was found in membrane stability index. These results underline the mechanisms that are crucial for drought stress tolerance in fenugreek.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological , Catalase/analysis , Chlorophyll/analysis , Culture Media/pharmacology , Dehydration/chemically induced , Dehydration/metabolism , Droughts , Mannitol/toxicity , Organoids/drug effects , Organoids/physiology , Oxidative Stress , Peroxidases/analysis , Phenols/analysis , Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology , Plant Cells/drug effects , Plant Cells/physiology , Plant Leaves/growth & development , Plant Proteins/analysis , Plant Shoots/growth & development , Plants, Medicinal/physiology , Proline/analysis , Regeneration/drug effects , Regeneration/physiology , Stress, Physiological , Thiadiazoles/pharmacology , Trigonella/physiologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To explore the effect of caffeine on voice, as evidenced by acoustic and aerodynamic measures, based on the fact that caffeine is considered to be a systemic dehydrating agent. METHODS: The participants in this investigation were 58 females ranging in age from 18 to 35 years, who self-reported normal vocal production. The participants abstained from caffeine ingestion for 24 hours and from ingesting foods and liquids for 12 hours prior to the test. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups, control and experimental, and were individually tested. After the preliminary phase, participants in the experimental group ingested a 100 mg caffeine tablet; participants in the control group ingested placebo, and followed the same protocol as the experimental group. All participants were retested 30 minutes after ingesting caffeine or placebo. RESULTS: Differences were not identified in any of the acoustic or aerodynamic measures across both groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a conservative (100 mg) dosage of caffeine may not have an impact on vocal acoustics and aerodynamics.
OBJETIVO: Explorar o efeito da cafeína na voz, evidenciado por medidas acústicas e aerodinâmicas, visto que a cafeína é considerada um agente desidratador. MÉTODOS: As participantes desta investigação foram 58 mulheres entre 18 e 35 anos de idade, que reportaram produção de voz normal. As participantes se abstiveram da ingestão de cafeína por 24 horas e de alimentos sólidos e líquidos por 12 horas antes do teste. Elas foram incluídas aleatoriamente em grupos controle e experimental e individualmente testadas. Após a fase preliminar, as integrantes do grupo experimental ingeriram um tablete de 100 mg de cafeína; o grupo controle ingeriu placebo e seguiu protocolo idêntico ao do grupo experimental. Todas as participantes foram retestadas 30 minutos após a administração de cafeína ou placebo. RESULTADOS: Não houve identificação de diferenças nas medidas em questão. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que uma dose moderada (100 mg) de cafeína pode não ter impacto na acústica e aerodinâmica vocais.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Caffeine/pharmacology , Phonation/drug effects , Vocal Cords/drug effects , Voice/drug effects , Acoustics , Caffeine/administration & dosage , Dehydration/chemically inducedABSTRACT
No presente estudo, foram comparados os efeitos da administração intravenosa de três soluções eletrolíticas comerciais sobre o equilíbrio ácido-base em cães desidratados experimentalmente por restrição hídrica e poliúria. Os animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em três grupos e tratados com três diferentes soluções eletrolíticas comerciais durante 12 horas: Ringer com lactato de sódio (RL), Ringer simples (RS) e Glicofisiológico (GF). Entre os tratamentos testados, a fluidoterapia intravenosa com solução de Ringer com lactato de sódio (RL) foi o tratamento que apresentou efeito alcalinizante, sinalizado por pequeno aumento nos valores do pH(a), cHCO3(aP), ctCO2(aP) e cBase(a), podendo ser utilizada no tratamento de animais com acidose metabólica de intensidade discreta a moderada. As soluções Ringer simples (RS) e glicofisiológica (GF) determinaram discreta diminuição na concentração de base titulável do sangue arterial (cBase), demonstrando efeito acidificante, o que as tornam uma opção para tratar cães com alcalose metabólica.
Three commercial intravenous electrolyte solutions were compared as for their effects on the blood acid-base status in dogs experimentally dehydrated by withholding water and inducing polyuria. Animals were randomly divided into three groups which were rehydrated with the following commercial electrolyte solutions during 12 hours: Lactate Ringerïs solution (RL), Ringerïs solution (RS) and a normal saline solution (0.9 percent sodium chloride) containing 5 percent dextrose (GF). The RLïs intravenous fluid therapy resulted in an alkalinizing effect demonstrated by a mild increase in arterial blood pH, ctCO2, bicarbonate (cHCO-3), and arterial blood base concentration (cBase) and, thus, can be used in animals exhibiting mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. In contrast, the RS and GF therapies led to a mild decrease in the concentration of arterial blood tritiable base (cBase) inducing an acidifying effect, which make them an option to treat dogs with metabolic alkalosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Dogs , Dehydration/chemically induced , Dehydration/blood , Dehydration/veterinary , Dog Diseases/therapy , Blood Gas Analysis/veterinary , Fluid Therapy/veterinary , Rehydration Solutions/administration & dosage , Rehydration Solutions/adverse effectsABSTRACT
El estudio en los últimos años de las enfermedades vasculares cerebrales en la infancia ha permitido el reconocimiento de los factores de riesgo para este grupo etario. La hiperosmolaridad (policitemia, trombocitosis, hiperglicemia, hipernatremia), que a nivel del sistema nervioso central provoca trombosis de vasos arteriales y venosos con ruptura de los mismos y sangramientos intracerebrales, subdurales, subaracnoides, puede ser causa de fenómenos isquémicos y/o hemorrágicos cerebrales, conllevando a largo plazo a lesiones estructurales. El presente trabajo se basa en la descripción clínica y procedimientos diagnósticos de un niño con encefalopatía crónica no progresiva, secundaria a enfermedad vascular cerebral hemorrágica por deshidratación hipernatrémica, tomando los datos de la historia clínica y la evaluación directa del mismo. El paciente se evaluó en Barquisimeto, estado Lara en el año 2007.
Studies in the last years on cerebral vascular illnesses in childhood has allowed the recognition of risk factors for this age group. Increase in osmolarity (increase in the viscosity of the blood, polycitemia thrombocitocys, hyperglycemia, hypernatrenia) can cause ischemic phenomena and/or cerebral hemorrhage, causing long term structural lesions. The present work is based on the clinical description and aboy's diagnostic procedures with chronic non progressive encephalopaty secondary to cerebral vascular hemorrhagic illness due to hypernatrenic dehydration. The patient was evaluated in the city of Barquisimeto, Lara state in the year 2007.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology , Dehydration/chemically induced , Diarrhea/diagnosis , Diarrhea/therapy , Hypernatremia/blood , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Brain Edema , Seizures/diagnosis , PediatricsABSTRACT
La deshidratación hipernatremica se define como una concentración sérica de sodio mayor de 150 mEq/L, representa el 20 por ciento de las deshidrataciones y refleja un déficit de agua extracelular con relación al contenido corporal de sodio con edema cerebral, hemorragia intracraneal, hidrocefalia y gangrena. Los factores de riesgo para deshidratación hipernatrémica son: niños menores de un año por inmadures renal y aumento del líquido extracelular, fiebre que aumenta la pérdida de agua libre y, fundamentalmente el ingreso incrementado de solutos con relación al contenido de agua libre, producto de la reshidratación oral con soluciones con alto contenido de sodio, formulas mal preparadas o alimentación al pecho exclusiva en madres con una aporte insuficiente de líquidos. Se trata de recién nacido de 13 días de vida quien presenta clínica de deshidratación y acidosis por síndrome diarreico agudo con antecedente de mala administración de Sales de rehidratación oral por parte de la madre con dilución inadecuada hiperosmolar. Hallazgos paraclínico, Hipernatremia, Hiperkalemia, acidosis metabólica e hipoxemia. Tratamiento: corrección de acidosis con solución 75 y rehidratación en 48 horas con solución hipoosmolar 0.22 por ciento. Presentamos este caso por ser una de las causas más frecuentes de deshidratación hipernatrémicas en recién nacidos, es importante exponer la necesidad de educación a las madres para la adecuada preparación de las sales de rehidratación oral, como método eficaz de prevenir la deshidratación. Y en aquellos casos de presentarse tal complicación, los médicos debemos conocer la adecuada correlación de las misma a modo de evitar las complicaciones.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant, Newborn , Sodium Acetate/therapeutic use , Dehydration/chemically induced , Hypernatremia/diagnosis , Hypernatremia/pathology , Diarrhea/diagnosis , Diarrhea/therapy , Fluid Therapy/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The advantages of breastfeedng to both the mother and infant are well recognised. In rare instances if breasteding is inadequate or if the sodium content bast milk is high, malnutrition and hypernatraemia can result. A 15 days old exclusively breastfed baby presented with inadequate weight gain. On evaluation, he was found to have hypernatraemia and mother's breast milk showed high sodium concentrations. The infant needed parenteral fluid for correction of dehydration and hypernatraemia. His serum sodium and breast milk sodium of the other of the mother returned to normal gradually. He started gaining weight on exclusive breastfeeds. The present paper describes the case report and brief review of the literature.